{"id":1972,"date":"2026-09-14T04:12:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T04:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/los-mineros-del-cerro-rico-parte-3-7\/"},"modified":"2026-09-14T04:13:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T04:13:19","slug":"los-mineros-del-cerro-rico-parte-3-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/los-mineros-del-cerro-rico-parte-3-7\/","title":{"rendered":"Los mineros del cerro rico parte 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1972\" class=\"elementor elementor-1972\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b78777 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b78777\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;,&quot;motion_fx_motion_fx_scrolling&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;motion_fx_devices&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2955f620\" data-id=\"2955f620\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4380e077 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4380e077\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1e7feaa2\" data-id=\"1e7feaa2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3838b5 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c3838b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/mrtacocafe.site\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4182d863\" data-id=\"4182d863\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b794b27 elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"7b794b27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ffe5e9c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6ffe5e9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/greengotours.com.bo\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-telegram\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">GREENGO TOURS<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-44155873 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"44155873\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_motion_fx_scrolling&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_blur_effect&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_blur_level&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:3,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;background_motion_fx_blur_range&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:{&quot;start&quot;:35,&quot;end&quot;:80}},&quot;background_motion_fx_blur_direction&quot;:&quot;out-in&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_devices&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ae7f957\" data-id=\"4ae7f957\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2fb59fbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2fb59fbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-360fef29\" data-id=\"360fef29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dc8db1c elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7dc8db1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LOS MINEROS DEL CERRO RICO PARTE 3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f7c7655 elementor-headline--style-rotate elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-animated-headline\" data-id=\"5f7c7655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headline_style&quot;:&quot;rotate&quot;,&quot;animation_type&quot;:&quot;wave&quot;,&quot;rotating_text&quot;:&quot;Agotamiento extremo\\nAltitud mortal\\nEsfuerzo intenso\\nFatiga profunda\\n&quot;,&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;,&quot;rotate_iteration_delay&quot;:3500,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"animated-headline.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-headline elementor-headline-animation-type-wave elementor-headline-letters\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-headline-dynamic-wrapper elementor-headline-text-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-headline-dynamic-text elementor-headline-text-active\">\n\t\t\t\tAgotamiento&nbsp;extremo\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-headline-dynamic-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAltitud&nbsp;mortal\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-headline-dynamic-text\">\n\t\t\t\tEsfuerzo&nbsp;intenso\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-headline-dynamic-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFatiga&nbsp;profunda\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-headline-dynamic-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-headline-plain-text elementor-headline-text-wrapper\">.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-10e783b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"10e783b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-73b899e0\" data-id=\"73b899e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-12dfb7be elementor-hidden-mobile\" data-id=\"12dfb7be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59f7b280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"59f7b280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6397b770 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6397b770\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-685dcc2e\" data-id=\"685dcc2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3afcf86c elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3afcf86c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Los ecos del pasado a\u00fan resuenan en los t\u00faneles.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-640f4a9b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"640f4a9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:400}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"59\" data-end=\"192\">Para leer sobre las condiciones de las minas, haz <b>c<a href=\"https:\/\/florahastingsphotography.wordpress.com\/2016\/06\/16\/part-1-the-miners-of-cerro-rico\/\">lic aqu\u00ed,<\/a><\/b> y para leer m\u00e1s sobre Julio Zambrana y la familia Cruz, <b><a href=\"https:\/\/florahastingsphotography.wordpress.com\/2016\/06\/16\/part-ii-the-miners-of-cerro-rico\/\">haz clic aqu\u00ed.<\/a><\/b><\/p><p data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"425\">Martina (extremo izquierdo) est\u00e1 junto a Daisy, de 15 a\u00f1os, quien est\u00e1 embarazada. Miriam Cruz, esposa de Alex, est\u00e1 con una de sus dos hijas, mientras que Zaida y Grover Isaac Fraf\u00e1n Ortega (extremo derecho) tienen cuatro hijos.<\/p><p data-start=\"427\" data-end=\"912\">Martina y Miriam, su nuera, pelan papas que cosecharon de su parcela en el campo, en las afueras del municipio de Potos\u00ed. Cada dos semanas, la familia se queda en una peque\u00f1a caba\u00f1a en su terreno mientras cultivan sus productos. Martina convierte las papas en <strong data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"704\">Papa Rellenas<\/strong>, una comida callejera tradicional boliviana que vende a los mineros que regresan del cerro. Los mineros generalmente no comen dentro de la monta\u00f1a, sino que usan jugo y hojas de coca para calmar el hambre.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a0fbaef\" data-id=\"5a0fbaef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43aa7fa1 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"43aa7fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"#\">Martina Cruz<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Es la matriarca de cinco hijos y diez nietos. A diferencia del resto de su familia, cuya vestimenta refleja la paulatina desaparici\u00f3n de la vestimenta tradicional boliviana en los centros urbanos del pa\u00eds, su pollera o falda plisada tradicional serv\u00eda de refugio contra los vientos secos para los ni\u00f1os, quienes se escond\u00edan entre sus pliegues.\n\nLa terraza desnuda de la casa de los Cruz est\u00e1 expuesta a los vientos secos del altiplano, y la temperatura desciende varios grados en comparaci\u00f3n con las calles resguardadas del centro hist\u00f3rico de Potos\u00ed. La casa, construida por Guillermo Cruz, esposo de Martina y compa\u00f1ero de miner\u00eda de Julio desde los 18 a\u00f1os, ya no es su hogar. Trece miembros de la familia habitan la vivienda de dos habitaciones, junto con una camada de cachorros.\n\nJulio est\u00e1 afuera de su oficina, vistiendo su abrigo de alpaca para el fr\u00edo invierno de Potos\u00ed. Encarg\u00f3 a un artesano local que cubriera la fachada del edificio con grafitis que representan mineros perforando en busca de plata y esta\u00f1o, sirviendo como un recordatorio de las condiciones y la forma de trabajo que desea cambiar a trav\u00e9s de su fundaci\u00f3n \"Un Nuevo Amanecer para los Ni\u00f1os\".\n\nUn mont\u00f3n de recibos de pagos a los mineros refleja los logros de Julio en su activismo. En 2011, pag\u00f3 a un abogado para que se reformulara una ley que obliga a todas las empresas de turismo en Potos\u00ed a destinar el 15% del precio del boleto a la cooperativa minera que visitan. Fuera de esta cuota, los mineros reciben jugo, hojas de coca y dinamita de los turistas, quienes compran estos productos en el mercado de los mineros. Julio tambi\u00e9n logr\u00f3 que varias empresas de turismo fueran eliminadas de la gu\u00eda Lonely Planet, o la \"biblia\", como \u00e9l la llama, debido a su trato poco \u00e9tico hacia los mineros.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64179c4f elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"64179c4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;slideshow&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:400,&quot;background_slideshow_gallery&quot;:[],&quot;background_slideshow_loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_duration&quot;:5000,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_transition&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_transition_duration&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>GREENGO TOURS LOS MINEROS DEL CERRO RICO PARTE 3 Agotamiento&nbsp;extremo Altitud&nbsp;mortal Esfuerzo&nbsp;intenso Fatiga&nbsp;profunda . Los ecos del pasado a\u00fan resuenan en los t\u00faneles. Para leer sobre las condiciones de las minas, haz clic aqu\u00ed, y para leer m\u00e1s sobre Julio Zambrana y la familia Cruz, haz clic aqu\u00ed. Martina (extremo izquierdo) est\u00e1 junto a Daisy, &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/los-mineros-del-cerro-rico-parte-3-7\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuar leyendo<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Los mineros del cerro rico parte 3&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sin-categoria"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1972"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1972\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2120,"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1972\/revisions\/2120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacionfunam.org.bo\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}